History of Plant Pathology and Early Significant Plant Diseases (Chapter 1 Introduction)

“degree of resistance of some of the rootstocks to the phylloxera aphids was excellent”

p. 31 #6493135

“inoculation of the surface of stumps of freshly cut pines with spores of a nonpathogenic fungus protected them from Heterobasidion annosum”

#6493174

“control of the crown gall bacterium was obtained by preinoculating seeds or roots of transplants of stone fruit trees with a related but nonpathogenic bacterium”

#6493175

“Trichoderma harzianum, which is used as a biocontrol agent”

p. 246 #6493834

“asparagus and marigolds, are antagonistic to nematodes because they release substances”

p. 309 #6493884

“marigolds, are antagonistic to nematodes because they release substances”

p. 309 #6493885

“Trichoderma form dense coils and tightly encircle hyphae of Rhizoctonia”

p. 306 #6493892

“and other fungi, e.g., Fusarium and Heterobasidion”

p. 306 #6493893

“Ampelomyces quisqualis parasitizes several powdery mildews”

p. 306 #6493894

“Egg of Meloidogyne invaded by the fungus Paecilomyces”

p. 308 #6493895

“Agrobacterium radiobacter K-84, sold as Gallex or Galltrol for use against crown gall”

p. 323 #6493896

“RootShield Trichoderma harzianum Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium”

p. 324 #6493923

“F-Stop T. harzianum Rhizoctonia, Pythium”

p. 324 #6493924

“RootShield ... Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium”

p. 324 #6493925

“Primastop Gliocladium catenulatum Soilborne pathogens”

p. 324 #6493926

“Actinovate Streptomyces lydicus Soilborne”

p. 322 #6493927

“strain K84 of the related but nonpathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium radiobacter”

p. 327 #6493928

“Streptomycin is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus.”

#6493929

“Mechanisms employed by Trichoderma species in the biological control of plant diseases”

p. 354 #6493960

“Trichoderma and Gliocladium, which are used as biocontrol agents against several plant pathogenic fungi”

p. 394 #6494263

“Paecilomyces, used as biological control agent against whiteflies”

p. 395 #6494264

“Melanospora, whose anamorphs Phialophora and Gonatobotrys parasitize the mycelium of many fungi, including the important plant pathogens Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis, Fusarium, and Verticillium”

p. 394 #6494265

“fungi are antagonistic to the apple scab fungus”

p. 507 #6494346

“Biological control of postharvest brown rot has been obtained”

p. 510 #6494347

“Pseudomonas fluorescens and Burkholderia cepacia bacteria”

p. 526 #6494374

“mycoparasites destroy existing sclerotia or inhibit the formation”

p. 549 #6494394

“Gliocladium roseum, G. virens”

p. 550 #6494395

“Gliocladium roseum, G. virens”

p. 550 #6494396

“Sporodesmium sclerotivorum, and Trichoderma viride”

p. 550 #6494397

“making feeder roots more resistant to infection by certain soil fungi”

p. 614 #6494414

“antagonism of Sclerotium cepivorum in white rot affected onion roots by Trichoderma koningii”

p. 600 #6494415

“In vitro inhibition of Heterobasidion annosum by Phaeotheca dimorphospora”

p. 611 #6494416

“more resistant to infection by certain soil fungi, such as Phytophthora, Pythium”

p. 614 #6494442

“more resistant to infection... Fusarium”

p. 614 #6494443

“treating seeds or nursery stock with bacteriocin-producing antagonistic strains of Agrobacterium”

p. 626 #6494477

“A female SCN parasitized by the fungus Verticillium lecanii”

p. 844 #6494678

“Biological control of the nematode by the bacterium Pasteuria sp.”

p. 836 #6494687

“A female SCN parasitized by the fungus Verticillium lecanii”

p. 844 #6494688

“rotation with legumes, corn, or other unrelated crops will reduce potato pathogens”

p. 350 #6493941

“rotation with legumes, corn, or other unrelated crops reduces potato pathogens”

p. 350 #6493942

“Cucumber seed treatment with Pseudomonas putida bacteria results in systemic production of phytoalexins.”

p. 414 #6494059

“aphids not only induced galls on the small roots, they also multiplied quickly and sucked the nutrients out of the roots”

p. 30 #6493114

“aphids sucked the nutrients out of the roots, killing the roots”

p. 30 #6493121

“mycorrhizal infection of feeder roots of most flowering plants, both the plant and the microorganism benefit from the association”

p. 78 #6493206

“Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on yellow poplar produced by Glomus mosseae”

p. 614 #6494413

“induce the formation of nodules on the roots of legume plants... they fix nitrogen”

p. 626 #6494444

“rust-infected plants on the left are thin and almost empty of nutrients”

p. 13 #6493115

“Cover smut or bunt (blast) of wheat caused by the fungus Tilletia”

p. 12 #6493116

“Loose smut (blast) of (A) barley and (B) wheat caused by the fungus Ustilago sp.”

p. 12 #6493117

“potato fields in northern Europe and in Ireland became masses of blighted and rotting vegetation”

p. 19 #6493118

“French wine production was reduced by 80% due to the new disease”

p. 30 #6493119

“within 5 years of its appearance in France it spread to all the vineyards”

p. 31 #6493120

“the disease has killed the vast majority of yard, park, and street trees”

p. 35 #6493122

“of six million trees counted in 1961, 90% had been killed by lethal yellowing by 1981”

p. 35 #6493123

“rust-infected bean plants in the field showing many leaves killed by the rust”

p. 13 #6493124

“clubroot disease of cabbage caused by a fungus that has been shown to be a protozoan plasmodiophoromycete”

p. 24 #6493125

“bacteria caused the fire blight disease of pear and apple”

p. 24 #6493126

“bacteria caused the fire blight disease of pear and apple”

p. 24 #6493127

“tobacco plant leaves showing various patterns of greenish yellow mosaic”

p. 25 #6493128

“with apples infected with apple scab, even as little as 5% disease may cut the price in half”

p. 29 #6493129

“Infection and advanced internal rotting of summer squash (A) by the fungus Choanephora”

p. 22 #6493130

“rotting of peach fruit (B) by the fungus Rhizopus sp.”

p. 22 #6493131

“rotting of kiwi fruit by the fungus Botrytis cinerea”

p. 22 #6493132

“Circular and linear particles of the coconut cadang-cadang viroid”

p. 28 #6493133

“potato spindle tuber disease showed that it was caused by a small, naked, single-stranded, circular molecule of infectious RNA”

p. 26 #6493134

“planthopper lands and feeds on a healthy palm tree, it transmits phytoplasmas”

#6493136

“corn flea beetle is the main vector of the bacteria causing bacterial wilt of corn”

#6493137

“striped and spotted cucumber beetles are the main vectors of the cucurbit wilt bacteria”

#6493138

“striped and spotted cucumber beetles are the main vectors of the cucurbit wilt bacteria”

#6493139

“bees in pear blossoms infected with the fireblight bacterium”

#6493140

“bees in pear blossoms infected with the fireblight bacterium”

#6493141

“Common flies help spread fruit diseases such as brown rot of cherries”

#6493142

“plum curculio beetle creates wounds on fruit during ovipositing”

#6493143

“whiteflies vector geminiviruses, such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus”

#6493144

“Rye, which is often consumed by animals and poor people, is the most frequent host of ergot”

#6493145

“wheat, preferred by the rich, is the least frequent host of ergot”

#6493146

“Ergot sclerotia replacing the kernels in the heads of rye, barley, and wheat”

#6493147

“phytoplasmas multiply and move throughout much of the phloem of the tree and cause lethal yellowing”

#6493148

“Oaks have been killed for decades by oak wilt caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum”

p. 532 #6493149

“different species of Phytophthora have been attacking and killing oak trees in California, Oregon, Europe”

p. 418 #6493150

“about 80% of the butternut trees in the southeast had been killed by the mid-1990s”

#6493151

“as many as one million cypress trees have been killed in central Italy”

#6493152

“Vitis vinifera cannot be grown in the southeastern United States because it is devastated by Xylella fastidiosa”

#6493153

“Rye is the most frequent host of ergot”

#6493154

“wheat, preferred by the rich, is the least frequent host of ergot”

#6493155

“Ergot sclerotia replacing the kernels in the heads of rye, barley, and wheat”

#6493156

“Portion of ear of corn infected with Aspergillus”

#6493157

“Damaged corn kernels infected heavily with mycotoxin-producing Gibberella fungi”

#6493158

“fumonisins are produced by Fusarium verticillioides primarily in corn and corn-based products”

#6493159

“vomitoxin and zearalenone often occur together, especially in scabby wheat”

#6493160

“corn flea beetle is the main vector of the bacteria causing bacterial wilt of corn”

#6493161

“striped and spotted cucumber beetles are the main vectors of the cucurbit wilt bacteria”

#6493162

“Dutch elm disease, which is caused by a fungus, would not possibly occur without elm bark beetles”

#6493163

“effective against the late blight of potato, other downy mildews, and many other leaf spots”

#6493164

“whiteflies vector geminiviruses, such as tomato yellow leaf curl virus”

#6493165

“leafhoppers and planthoppers vector numerous viruses, such as the rice grassy stunt virus”

#6493166

“aphids transmit a large number of viruses, such as potato virus Y”

#6493167

“bacterium Pseudomonas tabaci, the cause of the wildfire disease of tobacco, produces a toxin”

#6493168

“a species of Helminthosporium attacked and caused blight only on oats of the variety Victoria”

#6493169

“fungus Heterobasidion annosum that causes root and butt rot of pines”

#6493170

“deBary, working with the Sclerotinia rot disease of carrots and other vegetables”

#6493171

“Poisoning from moldy sugar cane is caused by a mycotoxin produced by species of Arthrinium”

#6493172

“excessive growth of rice seedlings infected with the fungus Gibberella”

#6493173

“powdery mildews the fungal mycelium grows only on the surface of host plants, but sends haustoria into the epidermal cells”

p. 91 #6493203

“Bacteria of Pseudomonas syringae that causes bacterial spot and canker of stone fruits are seen in and surrounding a stoma of a cherry leaf”

p. 81 #6493204

“Encysted zoospores of the soybean root rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae germinating and penetrating the root”

p. 81 #6493205

“tomato, may be attacked by more than 40 species of fungi”

p. 78 #6493207

“tomato, may be attacked by more than 40 species of fungi, 7 bacteria”

p. 78 #6493208

“7 bacteria, 16 viruses, several mollicutes, and several nematodes”

p. 78 #6493209

“apple and potato each are susceptible to about 80–100 diseases”

p. 78 #6493210

“apple and potato each are susceptible to about 80–100 diseases”

p. 78 #6493211

“Encysted zoospores of the soybean root rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae germinating and penetrating the root”

p. 81 #6493212

“Two groups of zoospores of the grape downy mildew oomycete have gathered over two leaf stomata”

p. 81 #6493213

“Bacteria of Pseudomonas syringae that causes bacterial spot and canker of stone fruits”

p. 81 #6493214

“infection and colonization of the root after 24 hours are greater in the susceptible highbush blueberry”

p. 89 #6493215

“parasitic plants can transmit viruses as they grow and form a bridge”

p. 99 #6493247

“rapid spread of sugarcane smut…from its first sighting in Guyana in 1974”

p. 99 #6493248

“Spots on barley leaves caused by the fungus Rhynchosporium sp.”

p. 107 #6493249

“barley stripe rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, in South America”

p. 101 #6493250

“Spores of the fungus Cochliobolus that cause leaf spot on barley”

p. 95 #6493251

“nearly complete destruction of pumpkin leaves infected heavily with the downy mildew oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis”

p. 107 #6493252

“Countless tiny lesions on stems and leaves of wheat plant infected with the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici”

p. 107 #6493253

“wheat leaf rust pathogen Puccinia recondita produces innumerable lesions (uredia) on wheat leaves”

p. 113 #6493254

“Wheat roots at different stages of destruction by the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces tritici”

p. 109 #6493255

“dwarf bunt of wheat caused by Tilletia contraversa”

p. 119 #6493256

“grape leaf infected with the grape downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola”

p. 95 #6493257

“Grape berries infected with the powdery mildew fungus Uncinula necator”

p. 113 #6493258

“Marginal scorching of a grape leaf from a plant infected with X. fastidiosa, the cause of Pierce's disease of grape”

p. 108 #6493259

“Vascular wilt of tomato caused by the fungus Fusarium”

p. 110 #6493260

“Wilted tomato plants infected with the vascular bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum”

p. 110 #6493261

“Tomato leaves with numerous lesions caused by the fungus Septoria sp.”

p. 113 #6493262

“Angular leaf spots on cucumber leaf caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas lacrymans”

p. 107 #6493263

“Cantaloupes in a field where the plants had been killed by the bacterium E. tracheiphila”

p. 112 #6493264

“Young squash plant showing early symptoms of vascular wilt caused by the bacterium Erwinia tracheiphila”

p. 112 #6493265

“many pathogens, such as the late blight oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, overwinter”

p. 99 #6493266

“Potato tuber showing vein necrosis caused by the potato leaf roll virus”

p. 115 #6493267

“rapid spread of sugarcane smut, caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea”

p. 99 #6493268

“ergot of sorghum, caused primarily by the fungus Claviceps africana, around the world”

p. 101 #6493269

“Infection of crown and roots of corn plant with the fungus Fusarium”

p. 109 #6493270

“corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis”

p. 119 #6493271

“Apple trees having numerous branches killed by the fire blight bacterium”

p. 94 #6493272

“apple scab fungus Venturia inaequalis grows between the cuticle and the epidermis”

p. 113 #6493273

“apple white rot fungus, Botryosphaeria obtusa”

p. 99 #6493274

“hairy root of apple caused by…A. rhizogenes”

p. 119 #6493275

“pear infected with fire blight bacteria”

p. 100 #6493276

“brown rot of stone fruits caused by the fungus Monilinia”

p. 121 #6493277

“cowpea infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus”

p. 107 #6493278

“Necrosis of the phloem (P) in stems or petioles of plants is a common effect of viruses, such as the tobacco ringspot virus, on cowpea plants”

p. 115 #6493279

“stunting and yellowing of rice plants infected with the rice tungro virus”

p. 107 #6493280

“Roots and stems of pepper plants killed by Phytophthora sp.”

p. 109 #6493281

“leaves of pepper plants inoculated with three races of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria”

p. 118 #6493282

“peach leaf curl…caused by the fungus Taphrina sp.”

p. 119 #6493283

“plum pockets…caused by the fungus Taphrina sp.”

p. 119 #6493284

“black knot canker of cherry caused by Dibotryon morbosum”

p. 119 #6493285

“Blister canker on a pine tree in which the bark and phloem have been killed by the fungus Cronartium ribicola”

p. 115 #6493286

“several rusts of pine trees caused by Cronartium sp.”

p. 119 #6493287

“olive knot…caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi”

p. 119 #6493288

“on the root of a lettuce plant infected with Plasmopara lactucae-radicis”

p. 95 #6493289

“stem of a cantaloupe plant infected with the fungus Phomopsis sp.”

p. 110 #6493290

“humans disseminate some pathogens, such as tobacco mosaic virus, through the successive handling of diseased and healthy plants”

p. 100 #6493291

“introduction into the United States of the fungi causing Dutch elm disease”

p. 100 #6493292

“citrus variety propagated on sour rootstock with the citrus tristeza virus”

p. 113 #6493293

“introduction in Europe of the powdery and downy mildews of grape”

p. 100 #6493294

“Leaf curling by the leaf curl fungus Taphrina deformans on peach”

p. 122 #6493319

“leaf malformations caused by the common bean mosaic virus on bean”

p. 122 #6493320

“stunting caused by the maize streak virus on corn”

p. 122 #6493321

“Galls along the root and stem of a euonymus plant caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens”

p. 122 #6493322

“flowers of an apricot tree have been killed by the brown rot fungus Monilinia fructicola”

p. 123 #6493323

“barley kernels and ergot sclerotia produced by ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea”

p. 123 #6493324

“corn kernels replaced by galls containing spores of Ustilago maydis”

p. 123 #6493325

“ergot of grains caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea”

p. 122 #6493326

“ergot of grains caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea”

p. 122 #6493327

“plums drop prematurely from trees infected with plum pox virus”

p. 122 #6493328

“post-bloom fruit drop of citrus caused by anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum acutatum”

p. 122 #6493329

“bacterial canker and gummosis of stone fruit trees caused by Pseudomonas syringae”

p. 122 #6493330

“fireblight disease of pears and apples caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora”

p. 122 #6493331

“fireblight disease of pears and apples caused by bacterium Erwinia amylovora”

p. 122 #6493332

“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes tomato wilt, attacks only tomato”

#6493333

“wheat has 20 to 40 genes for resistance against leaf rust fungus Puccinia recondita”

p. 137 #6493334

“barley has similar number of genes against powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis hordei”

p. 137 #6493335

“cotton has almost as many against bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum”

p. 137 #6493336

“southern corn leaf blight caused by Bipolaris (Helminthosporium) maydis”

p. 137 #6493337

“yellow leaf blight caused by Phyllosticta maydis”

p. 137 #6493338

“canker-causing fungus Leucostoma sp. (Cytospora sp.) in years of sufficient rainfall”

p. 138 #6493339

“Brassica napus plants following inoculation with an isolate of turnip mosaic virus”

p. 137 #6493340

“effects of beet yellows virus on growth and physiology of sugar beet”

p. 123 #6493341

“Cochliobolus carbonum, which causes a leaf spot disease on susceptible corn varieties.”

p. 156 #6493700

“Southern corn leaf blight was the result of widespread use of corn hybrids containing the Texas male-sterile cytoplasm.”

p. 172 #6493701

“Lesions of gray leaf spot on a corn plant... caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis.”

p. 168 #6493702

“The genetics of the U. maydis-maize pathosystem has been studied extensively.”

p. 164 #6493703

“destruction of the 'Ceres' spring wheat by race 56 of Puccinia graminis.”

p. 172 #6493704

“Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) blight of Victoria oats was the result of replacing many varieties.”

p. 172 #6493705

“coffee rust destroyed all coffee trees in Ceylon because all of them originated from uniform susceptible stock.”

p. 172 #6493706

“tristeza continues to destroy millions of orange trees in South, Central, and North America.”

p. 172 #6493707

“potato variety susceptible to both Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani.”

p. 169 #6493708

“Rice blast is one of the most severe diseases of rice.”

p. 163 #6493709

“resistance to at least 32 Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei resistance specificities.”

p. 161 #6493710

“the flax L 6 gene, which confers resistance to the rust fungus Melampsora lini.”

p. 158 #6493711

“resistance in tomato to the bacterial speck-causing strains of P. syringae pv. tomato.”

p. 157 #6493712

“the tobacco N 1 gene, which confers resistance to TMV.”

p. 158 #6493713

“the downy mildew oomycete Peronospora parasitica.”

p. 162 #6493714

“no resistance conferred by R genes against ... the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae.”

p. 162 #6493715

“their degrading ability paralleled their ability to cause disease.”

p. 162 #6493716

“increased resistance to disease caused by Cochliobolus and Ustilago were obtained from tissue cultures of sugar cane.”

p. 169 #6493717

“F. oxysporum causes primarily vascular wilts on many crops.”

p. 163 #6493718

“tomato Cf-2, -4, -5, -9 ... that carry the avirulence genes avr2, avr4, avr5, and avr9.”

p. 158 #6493719

“susceptibility of dwarf wheats to new races of Septoria”

p. 172 #6493720

“susceptibility of dwarf wheats to new races of Septoria and Puccinia”

p. 172 #6493721

“the southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970”

p. 172 #6493722

“the brown rot of stone fruits, caused by the fungus Monilinia fructicola”

p. 181 #6493723

“Botrytis cinerea, the cause of numerous types of diseases on many plants”

p. 182 #6493724

“An onion bulb (E) ... macerated by the enzymes of the fungus Botrytis”

p. 185 #6493725

“a potato tuber (F) macerated by the enzymes of ... the bacterium Erwinia”

p. 185 #6493726

“black rot of cantaloupe caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae”

p. 183 #6493727

“Potato tuber, part of which has been macerated by the enzymes of the fungus Fusarium”

p. 185 #6493728

“ceratoulmin, produced by Ophiostoma ulmi in Dutch elm disease”

p. 193 #6493729

“fusicoccin, produced by Fusicoccum amygdali in the twig blight disease of almond and peach trees”

p. 193 #6493730

“fusicoccin, produced by Fusicoccum amygdali in the twig blight disease of almond and peach trees”

p. 193 #6493731

“fusaric acid and lycomarasmin, produced by Fusarium oxysporum in tomato wilt”

p. 193 #6493732

“Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, which causes the wildfire disease of tobacco”

p. 191 #6493733

“Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the cause of halo blight of bean”

p. 191 #6493734

“tagetitoxin, produced by P. syringae pv. tagetis in marigold leaf spot disease”

p. 193 #6493735

“syringotoxin, produced by P. syringae pv. syringae in citrus plants”

p. 193 #6493736

“Cercospora leaf spot of zinnia”

p. 192 #6493737

“gray leaf spot of corn”

p. 192 #6493738

“Victorin, or Hv-toxin, is produced by the fungus Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) victoriae”

p. 194 #6493739

“T toxin, appeared in the United States in 1968. By 1970, it had spread throughout the corn belt”

p. 194 #6493740

“Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) carbonum (Bipolaris zeicola) causes northern leaf spot and ear rot”

p. 194 #6493741

“Tentoxin is produced by the fungus Alternaria alternata ... causes spots and chlorosis”

p. 191 #6493742

“oxalic acid, produced by Sclerotium and Sclerotinia spp. in various plants they infect”

p. 193 #6493743

“oxalic acid, produced by Sclerotium and Sclerotinia spp. in various plants they infect”

p. 193 #6493744

“T toxin is produced by race T of C. heterostrophus, the cause of southern corn leaf blight”

p. 195 #6493745

“Northern corn leaf spot symptoms caused by the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum and its toxin, HC toxin”

p. 195 #6493746

“AK toxin causing black spot on Japanese peat fruit”

p. 195 #6493747

“the AAL toxin causing stem canker on tomato”

p. 195 #6493748

“the AM toxin on apple”

p. 195 #6493749

“the ACL toxin on rough lemon”

p. 195 #6493750

“Corynespora cassiicola, produces the CC toxin in tomato”

p. 196 #6493751

“Hypoxylon mammatum on poplar”

p. 196 #6493752

“Exobasidium azaleae causing azalea leaf and flower gall”

p. 196 #6493753

“the protozoon causing clubroot of cabbage (Plasmodiophora brassicae)”

p. 196 #6493754

“Leafy gall produced on a sweet pea plant as a result of infection by the bacterium Rhodococcus fascians”

p. 196 #6493755

“Corn ear and tassel showing numerous small galls...corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis”

p. 196 #6493756

“banana wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense)”

p. 198 #6493757

“Western pine gall caused by the fungus Cronartium sp.”

p. 196 #6493758

“Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants”

p. 198 #6493759

“crown gall on a rose stem caused by the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens”

p. 199 #6493760

“the knot disease of olive...caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi, the pathogen produces IAA”

p. 200 #6493761

“the knot disease of olive, oleander, and privet”

p. 200 #6493762

“the knot disease of olive, oleander, and privet”

p. 200 #6493763

“the foolish seedling disease of rice...rice seedlings infected with the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi grow rapidly”

p. 200 #6493764

“cytokinin activity is lower in the sap...of cotton plants infected with verticillium wilt”

p. 201 #6493765

“In Verticillium wilt of tomato, the presence of ethylene...enhances Verticillium wilt development”

p. 201 #6493766

“Stagonospora avenae can infect oat leaves...by secreting at least three enzymes that degrade and detoxify the avenacins”

p. 202 #6493767

“fungus Septoria lycopersici produces tomatinase and infects tomato plants”

p. 202 #6493768

“all but 1 of 13 isolates could detoxify tomatine and could severely infect tomato”

p. 202 #6493769

“Mycosphaerella pinodes, which causes a leaf spot on pea, produce substances called suppressors”

p. 202 #6493770

“ergot disease of rye caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea”

p. 202 #6493771

“the fungus that causes powdery mildew on wheat (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) does not infect barley”

p. 208 #6493772

“fungus that causes powdery mildew on barley (B. graminis f. sp. hordei) does not infect wheat”

p. 208 #6493773

“susceptibility of elm to Dutch elm disease caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulni”

p. 211 #6493774

“Fungitoxic exudates on the leaves of some plants, e.g., tomato...inhibit the germination of spores of fungi Botrytis”

p. 211 #6493775

“Fungitoxic exudates on the leaves of some plants, e.g....sugar beet...inhibit the germination of spores of fungi...Cercospora”

p. 211 #6493776

“onion smudge, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum circinans”

p. 211 #6493777

“Strawberry leaves naturally contain (+)-catechin, which inhibits infection by Alternaria alternata”

p. 212 #6493778

“bacterial soft rot of potatoes, caused by Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica”

p. 212 #6493779

“cork layer on a potato tuber following infection with Rhizoctonia”

p. 216 #6493780

“the potato late blight fungus Phytophthora infestans”

p. 219 #6493781

“the wheat fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis f. sp. tritici”

p. 218 #6493782

“susceptible to the oat fungus G. graminis f. sp. avenae”

p. 218 #6493783

“early blight of tomato caused by the fungus Alternaria solani”

p. 220 #6493784

“cabbage black rot bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris”

p. 220 #6493785

“cucumber scab, caused by the fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, in cucumber”

p. 221 #6493786

“quantitatively controlled resistance of the soybean-Phytophthora interaction”

p. 220 #6493787

“avirulence gene D (arvD) of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea”

p. 223 #6493788

“Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae bacterium, which infects bean but not pea”

p. 219 #6493789

“tomato speck-causing bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato”

p. 224 #6493790

“Cladosporium fulvum, the cause of leaf mold on tomato”

p. 229 #6493791

“Magnaporthe grisea, the cause of rice blast on rice”

p. 228 #6493792

“bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae”

p. 220 #6493793

“AvrBs2 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on pepper”

p. 230 #6493794

“Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni bacteria on... peach”

p. 215 #6493795

“Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni bacteria on... plum”

p. 215 #6493796

“Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni bacteria on... ornamental cherry leaves”

p. 215 #6493797

“Systemic mosaic symptoms on a leaf of a compatible (susceptible) tobacco plant”

p. 228 #6493798

“induces resistance to powdery mildew in barley”

p. 221 #6493799

“resistance to rust... was increased in pea... by low-temperature hardening”

p. 221 #6493800

“late blight fungus Phytophthora infestans”

p. 234 #6493801

“date palm tree roots... resistant to Fusarium”

p. 234 #6493802

“cacao infected with the witches' broom fungus Crinipellis perniciosa”

p. 234 #6493804

“black sigatoka disease of banana caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis”

p. 234 #6493805

“halo blight bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola”

p. 236 #6493806

“bean/Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and the potato/Phytophthora infestans systems”

p. 238 #6493807

“soybean plants infected with the fungus Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea”

p. 238 #6493808

“rice blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea”

p. 240 #6493809

“tobacco against the tobacco mosaic virus”

p. 240 #6493810

“cucumber with a fungus (Colletotrichum lagenarium)”

p. 240 #6493811

“a bacterium (Pseudomonas lachrymans)”

p. 240 #6493812

“inoculated with spores of Peronospora parasitica”

p. 240 #6493813

“Erwinia carotovora bacteria in inoculated leaves of tobacco seedlings”

p. 242 #6493814

“tobacco against Phytophthora nicotianae”

p. 234 #6493815

“blue mold oomycete Peronospora tabacina”

p. 244 #6493816

“black shank oomycete Phytophthora parasitica”

p. 244 #6493817

“soybean stem rot fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum”

p. 244 #6493818

“soft rot and black leg caused by the bacterium Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica”

p. 244 #6493819

“tomato to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici”

p. 244 #6493820

“strains of the bacterium P. syringae pv. tomato”

p. 244 #6493821

“P. syringae pv. tomato and P. syringae pv. maculicola”

p. 244 #6493822

“tomato Cf9 gene, which confers resistance to the races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum”

p. 244 #6493823

“oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum, the cell walls of which lack chitin”

p. 244 #6493824

“tobacco by Botrytis cinerea, by 50%”

p. 244 #6493825

“cucumber plants more resistant to Botrytis cinerea”

p. 244 #6493826

“fungi causing early blight (Alternaria solani)”

p. 246 #6493827

“Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)”

p. 246 #6493828

“bacterial soft rot disease (caused by Erwinia carotovora)”

p. 246 #6493829

“fire blight disease (caused by the bacterium E. amylovora)”

p. 246 #6493830

“apple and pear to fire blight (caused by E. amylovora)”

p. 246 #6493831

“apple scab disease (caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis)”

p. 246 #6493832

“potato gray mold (caused by Botrytis cinerea)”

p. 246 #6493833

“Cedar-apple rust produces cedar apples on cedar; basidiospores produced on cedar-apple telial horns.”

p. 255 #6493835

“the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans is most serious in the northern latitudes”

p. 252 #6493836

“Root and crown rot of tomato plant caused by Fusarium oxysporum”

p. 252 #6493837

“the brown rot of stone fruits caused by Monilinia fructicola, are favored by relatively high temperatures”

p. 252 #6493838

“bacterial wilts of solanaceous plants caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, are favored by high temperatures”

p. 252 #6493839

“black root rot of tobacco, caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola”

p. 253 #6493840

“Lettuce leaves showing symptoms of downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae”

p. 253 #6493841

“induced resistance against the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei”

p. 254 #6493842

“in apple scab, continuous wetting of the leaves, fruit, and so on for at least 9 hours is required”

p. 254 #6493843

“downy mildew of grapes, and fire blight are found or are severe only in areas with high rainfall”

p. 254 #6493844

“fertilization with large amounts of nitrogen increases the susceptibility of pear to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora)”

p. 258 #6493845

“Fusarium solani, which is the cause of dry root rot of beans”

p. 256 #6493846

“of many solanaceous plants to Alternaria solani early blight”

p. 258 #6493847

“the cotton root rot fungus (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora) affects many hosts”

p. 258 #6493848

“Gaeumannomyces graminis... take-all of wheat... favored by nitrate nitrogen”

p. 259 #6493849

“stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) of pumpkin seedlings”

p. 260 #6493850

“take-all disease of barley (caused by G. graminis)”

p. 259 #6493851

“cucumber powdery mildew... caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca fuligena”

p. 261 #6493852

“cucumber root rot caused by... the oomycete Pythium ultimum”

p. 261 #6493853

“wheat powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici”

p. 261 #6493854

“the Bengal famine of 1943 was caused by the Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) brown spot epidemic of rice”

p. 266 #6493855

“rice sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani”

p. 261 #6493856

“Aphanomyces euteiches root rot of peas”

p. 262 #6493857

“citrus canker caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri”

p. 274 #6493858

“chestnut blight... have threatened to eliminate certain plant species from entire continents”

p. 266 #6493859

“Dutch elm disease... have threatened to eliminate certain plant species from entire continents”

p. 266 #6493860

“coffee rust, have threatened to eliminate certain plant species from entire continents”

p. 266 #6493861

“tristeza in citrus, pear decline, Dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight, take years to develop”

p. 270 #6493862

“white pine blister rust (3-6 years)”

p. 271 #6493863

“in the Lophodermium needle blight of pine, ozone exposure increases the severity”

p. 262 #6493864

“Apple leaf spot caused by Alternaria mali”

p. 255 #6493865

“ozone may increase the percentage of diseased leaf area of wheat by Drecslera fungus”

p. 262 #6493866

“Lettuce heads infected by soilborne sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum”

p. 273 #6493867

“bacteria (such as the cause of bacterial wilt of cucurbits)... are disseminated primarily by beetles”

p. 272 #6493868

“tristeza in citrus, pear decline, Dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight, take years to develop”

p. 270 #6493869

“late blight of potato and tomato (caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans)”

p. 286 #6493870

“late blight of potato and tomato (caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans)”

p. 286 #6493871

“early blight of tomato and potato caused by the fungus Alternaria solani”

p. 289 #6493872

“early blight of tomato and potato caused by the fungus Alternaria solani”

p. 289 #6493873

“fire blight of apple and pear (caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora)”

p. 286 #6493874

“fire blight of apple and pear (caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora)”

p. 286 #6493875

“apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis (EPIVEN)”

p. 289 #6493876

“Cercospora blight of celery (CERCOS)”

p. 289 #6493877

“southern corn leaf blight caused by Cochliobolus (Helminthosporium) maydis (EPICORN)”

p. 289 #6493878

“EPIDEMIC, was written primarily for the stripe rust of wheat”

p. 289 #6493879

“PLAM for peanut leaf spot”

p. 287 #6493880

“TOMCAST (for tomato forecaster) for tomato early blight, Septoria leaf spot, and anthracnose”

p. 287 #6493881

“TOMCAST (for tomato forecaster) for tomato early blight, Septoria leaf spot, and anthracnose”

p. 287 #6493882

“Virus coat protein transgenic papaya provides practical control of papaya ringspot virus in Hawaii.”

p. 290 #6493883

“host eradication controlled the bacterial canker of citrus in Florida”

p. 300 #6493886

“fire blight of apple blossoms, caused by E. amylovora”

p. 328 #6493887

“infection of apple leaf scars by Nectria galligena”

p. 328 #6493888

“of grape by Eutypa lata”

p. 328 #6493889

“bacterial leaf streak of rice, caused by Xanthomonas translucens ssp. oryzicola”

p. 328 #6493890

“cucumber mosaic virus on cucumber and pepper”

p. 315 #6493902

“cucumber mosaic virus on cucumber and pepper”

p. 315 #6493903

“potato virus Y on pepper”

p. 315 #6493904

“tomato yellow leaf curl virus and cucumber mosaic virus in tomato”

p. 321 #6493905

“tomato yellow leaf curl virus and cucumber mosaic virus in tomato”

p. 321 #6493906

“tobacco mosaic virus in tomato”

p. 321 #6493907

“potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y in potato”

p. 321 #6493908

“potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y in potato”

p. 321 #6493909

“movement protein genes of raspberry bushy dwarf virus in raspberry”

p. 321 #6493910

“cymbidium mosaic virus in dendrobium”

p. 321 #6493911

“to oomycetes like Phytophthora nicotianae”

p. 316 #6493912

“to bacteria like Pseudomonas tabaci”

p. 316 #6493913

“wheat stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis”

p. 322 #6493914

“fire blight of pear, in which induction was by inoculation”

p. 316 #6493915

“Bacillus subtilis reduced infection ... of grape by Eutypa lata”

p. 326 #6493916

“Pseudomonas bacteria protected lemons from Penicillium green mold”

p. 326 #6493917

“Kodiak B. subtilis GB03 Rhizoctonia solani ... Cotton”

p. 324 #6493918

“Dagger G for use against Rhizoctonia and Pythium damping-off of cotton”

p. 323 #6493919

“Pseudomonas ... Sugar beet”

p. 324 #6493920

“AQ10 Biofungicide Ampelomyces quisqualis Powdery mildew Grapes”

p. 322 #6493921

“Aspire Candida oleophila I-182 Botrytis sp., Penicillium sp. Citrus”

p. 322 #6493922

“tomato plant tissue infected by the early blight fungus Alternaria solani”

#6493930

“Young potato plant becomes infected and is soon killed by the late blight oomycete Phytophthora infestans.”

#6493931

“blasticidin, used against the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea”

#6493932

“Biological control of the aquatic weed water hyacinth with the fungus Cercospora rodmanii.”

#6493933

“fire blight bacterium Erwinia amylovora”

#6493934

“control of fire blight of pome fruits during blossoming”

#6493935

“black spot fungus of roses”

#6493936

“southern blight fungus Sclerotium rolfsii”

#6493937

“gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea”

#6493938

“Spraying cucumber or grape plants with solutions of monopotassium phosphate gave satisfactory control of powdery mildew”

#6493939

“Spraying cucumber or grape plants with potassium phosphate gave satisfactory control of powdery mildew”

#6493940

“low populations of Verticillium, Fusarium, and the root-knot nematode”

p. 350 #6493943

“low populations of Verticillium, Fusarium, and the root-knot nematode”

p. 350 #6493944

“slow-growing sprouts in cool weather are particularly susceptible to infection by Rhizoctonia”

p. 350 #6493945

“they become susceptible to attack by early blight (Alternaria) or late blight”

p. 350 #6493946

“early blight (Alternaria) or late blight (Phytophthora infestans)”

p. 350 #6493947

“Potato tuber seed may carry several viruses, the late blight fungus, ring rot bacteria”

p. 349 #6493948

“manage sunflower head rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)”

p. 353 #6493949

“wheat seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale”

p. 354 #6493950

“wheat seedling diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Microdochium nivale”

p. 354 #6493951

“wheat resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici)”

p. 354 #6493952

“Tristeza control by cross protection: A U.S.-Brazil cooperative success”

p. 353 #6493953

“Meeting the challenge of eradicating citrus canker in Florida”

p. 354 #6493954

“Resistance to squash mosaic comovirus in transgenic squash plants”

p. 353 #6493955

“Biological control of chestnut blight: Use and limitations of transmissible hypovirulence”

p. 353 #6493956

“Progress toward integrated management of lettuce drop”

p. 354 #6493957

“the cloned bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21”

p. 354 #6493958

“bacterial disease (halo blight) of bean were sometimes more severe”

p. 372 #6493959

“clubroot disease of cruciferous plants, such as cabbage and cauliflower.”

p. 407 #6494060

“Albugo, causing the common but usually not serious white rust diseases of cruciferous plants.”

p. 410 #6494061

“one causing root rot diseases of many annual plants, particularly of pea and sugar beet.”

p. 409 #6494062

“one causing root rot diseases of many annual plants, particularly of pea and sugar beet.”

p. 409 #6494063

“very destructive diseases known as downy mildews of dicotyledonous plants, such as lettuce.”

p. 409 #6494064

“downy mildews of dicotyledonous plants, such as lettuce, tobacco, grape, and cucurbits.”

p. 409 #6494065

“downy mildews of dicotyledonous plants, such as lettuce, tobacco, grape, and cucurbits.”

p. 409 #6494066

“causing the downy mildew diseases of monocots such as corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.”

p. 409 #6494067

“downy mildew diseases of monocots such as corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.”

p. 409 #6494068

“downy mildew diseases of monocots such as corn, sorghum, and sugarcane.”

p. 409 #6494069

“An entire cucumber fruit may be invaded within 3 days of inoculation.”

p. 413 #6494070

“One healthy bean seedling and several seeds and seedlings infected with Pythium.”

p. 411 #6494071

“Soft rots of squash and potato caused by Pythium.”

p. 412 #6494072

“Soft rots of squash and potato caused by Pythium.”

p. 412 #6494073

“Pythium root rots and blights. Root rot of Caladium.”

p. 412 #6494074

“Root rot of Caladium, barley seedlings, blight of turfgrass.”

p. 412 #6494075

“root rot and wilt of tomato (D) caused by Pythium.”

p. 412 #6494076

“Pythium blight, i.e., it invades and kills the roots and whole seedlings.”

p. 411 #6494077

“treatment of Norway spruce seedlings with methyl jasmonate protected up to 75% of the seedlings.”

p. 414 #6494078

“The late blight disease of potatoes is the most devastating disease of potatoes in the world.”

p. 421 #6494079

“Late blight is also very destructive to tomatoes and some other members of the family Solanaceae.”

p. 422 #6494080

“These crops are now extremely susceptible to the blight caused by Phytophthora capsici.”

p. 418 #6494081

“Rotting of watermelon and tomato by P. capsici.”

p. 416 #6494082

“Rotting of watermelon and tomato by P. capsici.”

p. 416 #6494083

“rotting of potato (D) by P. erythroseptica.”

p. 416 #6494084

“strawberry red stele root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae.”

p. 420 #6494085

“the collar rot of apple trees, foot rot of citrus trees.”

p. 415 #6494086

“foot rot of citrus trees, and root and crown rot of peach.”

p. 415 #6494087

“root and crown rot of peach and cherry trees.”

p. 415 #6494088

“root and crown rot of peach and cherry trees.”

p. 415 #6494089

“kills palm trees by killing and causing bud rot of the only growing point.”

p. 415 #6494090

“Phytophthora black pod of cacao.”

p. 417 #6494091

“Phytophthora cinnamomi in the jarrah eucalyptus forests of western Australia destroyed more than 20%.”

p. 418 #6494092

“principal cause of mortality of at least three species of native forest oaks.”

p. 418 #6494093

“Phytophthora lateralis has been killing large numbers of Port-Orford-Cedar.”

p. 418 #6494094

“to a smaller extent, Pacific yew trees.”

p. 418 #6494095

“Phytophthora ramorum was shown to be the cause of sudden oak death.”

p. 418 #6494096

“tanoaks exhibit drooping or wilting as the first symptom.”

p. 418 #6494097

“Phytophthora ramorum was known to cause diebacks of rhododendrons in Europe.”

p. 418 #6494098

“Killed stem of soybean plant.”

p. 415 #6494099

“pine seedlings in nursery killed by Phytophthora.”

p. 415 #6494100

“downy mildew can easily destroy 50 to 75% of the crop”

p. 428 #6494101

“downy mildew of sorghum has appeared and spread in the United States”

p. 426 #6494102

“crazy top downy mildew caused by Sclerophthora macrospora”

p. 430 #6494103

“Downy mildew symptoms on leaves of cantaloupe”

p. 430 #6494104

“Downy mildew symptoms on leaves of cabbage”

p. 430 #6494105

“downy mildew (blue mold) of tobacco spread rapidly from Florida”

p. 426 #6494106

“all cucurbits, peaches, cherries, peanuts”

p. 437 #6494107

“peaches, cherries, peanuts, and several other fruits”

p. 437 #6494108

“cherries, peanuts, and several other fruits and vegetables”

p. 437 #6494109

“Rhizopus also causes hull rot of maturing almond fruit”

p. 437 #6494110

“Three species of Rhizopus also cause head rot of sunflower”

p. 437 #6494111

“Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of roses”

p. 451 #6494112

“powdery mildew fungus of barley, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei”

p. 449 #6494113

“early blight of potato and tomato”

p. 453 #6494114

“early blight of potato and tomato”

p. 453 #6494115

“leaf spot and fruit spot on cucurbits and onions”

p. 453 #6494116

“leaf spot and fruit spot on cucurbits and onions”

p. 453 #6494117

“core rot of apple”

p. 453 #6494118

“rot of lemons and oranges”

p. 453 #6494119

“fruit rot on cherry and sour cherry”

p. 453 #6494120

“leaf mold disease of tomato, caused by Cladosporium fulvum”

p. 456 #6494121

“cucumber scab and gummosis caused by C. cucumerinum”

p. 456 #6494122

“peach scab and twig blight caused by Cladosporium carpophilum”

p. 456 #6494123

“pecan scab and leaf spot caused by C. caryigenum”

p. 456 #6494124

“leaf curl on peach and nectarine”

p. 445 #6494125

“leaf curl on peach and nectarine”

p. 445 #6494126

“50% or more of the fruit may be affected and lost”

p. 445 #6494127

“leaf curl and witches'-broom on cherries”

p. 445 #6494128

“leaf blister of oak”

p. 445 #6494129

“M. pini needle blights of pine”

p. 458 #6494130

“Banana leaf spot, or Sigatoka disease... one of the most destructive diseases of banana”

p. 459 #6494131

“the cost of sprays to control it accounts for nearly 30% of production costs”

p. 459 #6494132

“leaf spots of celery, tomato, and many other vegetables”

p. 460 #6494133

“leaf spots of celery, tomato, and many other vegetables”

p. 460 #6494134

“cause frequent and severe disease on cereals and grasses”

p. 462 #6494135

“leaf spot of beets and of peanuts”

p. 463 #6494136

“leaf spot of beets and of peanuts”

p. 463 #6494137

“leaf spot and blight of soybean”

p. 463 #6494138

“gray leaf spot of corn are common and severe”

p. 464 #6494139

“yield losses in these areas ranging from 50 to 90% of the expected crop”

p. 463 #6494140

“destroyed about 15% of all corn produced in the United States that year”

p. 467 #6494141

“Northern corn leaf blight, caused by Setosphaeria turcica”

p. 468 #6494142

“The same fungus causes similar but smaller and darker spots on sorghum”

p. 468 #6494143

“Northern corn leaf spot, caused by Cochliobolus carbonum”

p. 468 #6494144

“in some cases by 10 to 30% in wheat and 20 to 60% in barley”

p. 469 #6494145

“20 to 60% in barley”

p. 469 #6494146

“Net blotch of barley, caused by Pyrenophora teres”

p. 469 #6494147

“Barley stripe, caused by Pyrenophora graminea”

p. 469 #6494148

“Tan spot of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis”

p. 469 #6494149

“produce potent host-specific toxins such as victorin and T-toxin”

p. 472 #6494150

“Black knot disease occurs on cultivated and wild plums and cherries”

p. 476 #6494151

“occurs on cultivated and wild plums and cherries”

p. 476 #6494152

“destroyed practically all American chestnut trees throughout their natural range”

p. 476 #6494153

“one of the most important diseases of apples and pears”

p. 478 #6494154

“one of the most important diseases of apples and pears”

p. 478 #6494155

“Leucostoma canker is most serious on peach and other stone fruits”

p. 479 #6494156

“more severe on slash pines”

p. 481 #6494157

“killed most butternut or white walnut trees throughout their natural range”

p. 481 #6494158

“Eutypa lata, causing canker and dieback of grape”

p. 476 #6494159

“Losses from the disease can be severe, especially in humid rainy regions”

p. 486 #6494160

“may cause severe losses by causing defoliation, wilting of shoots”

p. 486 #6494161

“causes severe yield losses through premature abscission of infected fruit”

p. 486 #6494162

“leaving the canes almost completely defoliated”

p. 486 #6494163

“leaf scorch of strawberry (D. earliana)”

p. 483 #6494164

“Discula, D. destructiva is the cause of dogwood anthracnose”

p. 483 #6494165

“many of the germinating seedlings are killed before emergence”

p. 487 #6494166

“red rot of sugarcane (C. falcatum)”

p. 485 #6494167

“onion smudge (C. circinans)”

p. 485 #6494168

“causes many devastating fruit diseases in the tropics”

p. 485 #6494169

“anthracnose of citrus, fig, mango, olive, avocado”

p. 485 #6494170

“anthracnose of citrus, fig, mango, olive, avocado”

p. 485 #6494171

“anthracnose of strawberry (C. acutatum), crown rot and wilt of strawberry”

p. 484 #6494172

“anthracnose or fruit rot of eggplant and of tomato”

p. 484 #6494173

“anthracnose or fruit rot of eggplant and of tomato”

p. 484 #6494174

“anthracnose of cucurbits (C. lagenarium)”

p. 484 #6494175

“anthracnose of cereals and grasses (C. graminicola)”

p. 484 #6494176

“causing Coryneum blight, shot hole, or fruit spot of stone fruits”

p. 485 #6494177

“Greeneria uvicola, formerly Melanconium fuligenum, causing bitter rot of grapes”

p. 485 #6494178

“bitter rot of apples, and ripe rot of grape, pears, peaches”

p. 487 #6494179

“Gnomonia, causing anthracnose of walnut and many forest and shade trees”

p. 483 #6494180

“especially when the trees are stressed from drought”

p. 481 #6494181

“causing canker diseases on cacao, coffee, stone fruits”

p. 473 #6494182

“causing canker diseases on cacao, coffee, stone fruits”

p. 473 #6494183

“Cryptodiaporthe populea, causing the Dothichiza canker of poplar”

p. 473 #6494184

“Eutypella parasitica, causing Eutypella trunk canker of maple”

p. 476 #6494185

“causing twig cankers on almond and other stone fruit trees”

p. 476 #6494186

“causing the Scleroderris canker of conifers”

p. 476 #6494187

“causing Phomopsis blight of cedars, arborvitae, cypress”

p. 476 #6494188

“causing canker on apple, peach, almond, sycamore, pecan, etc.”

p. 473 #6494189

“brown spot needle blight caused by Mycosphaerela dearnessii”

p. 458 #6494190

“Pine needle cast symptoms caused by Lophodermium sp.”

p. 458 #6494191

“Blumeria, causing powdery mildew of cereals and grasses”

p. 393 #6494223

“Leveillula, causing powdery mildew of tomato”

p. 393 #6494224

“Podosphaera, P. leucotricha causing powdery mildew of apple”

p. 393 #6494225

“Sphaerotheca, S. pannosa causing powdery mildew of roses and peach”

p. 393 #6494226

“Sphaerotheca, S. pannosa causing powdery mildew of roses and peach”

p. 393 #6494227

“Uncinula, U. necator causing powdery mildew of grape”

p. 393 #6494228

“Pseudopeziza, P. trifolii causing alfalfa leaf spot”

p. 394 #6494229

“Monilinia, causing the brown rot disease of stone fruits”

p. 394 #6494230

“Sclerotinia, S. sclerotiorum causing the white mold or watery soft rot of vegetables”

p. 394 #6494231

“Stromatinia, S. gladioli causing corm rot of gladiolus”

p. 394 #6494232

“Diplocarpon, D. maculatum causing black spot of quince and pear”

p. 394 #6494233

“D. rosae causing black spot of roses”

p. 394 #6494234

“Claviceps, C. purpurea causing ergot of grain crops, which is poisonous to humans and animals”

p. 394 #6494235

“C. sorghi, of sorghum”

p. 394 #6494236

“Gibberella, causing foot or stalk rot of corn and small grains”

p. 394 #6494237

“Ceratocystis, causing oak wilt (C. fagacearum)”

p. 395 #6494238

“Monosporascus, M. cannonballus causing root rot and collapse of cucurbits”

p. 395 #6494239

“Ophiostoma, O. novo-ulmi, causing the Dutch elm disease”

p. 395 #6494240

“cankers in stone fruit and other trees”

p. 395 #6494241

“Diaporthe, causing citrus melanose (D. citri)”

p. 395 #6494242

“eggplant fruit rot (D. vexans)”

p. 395 #6494243

“soybean pod and stem rot (D. phaseolorum)”

p. 395 #6494244

“Cryphonectria, C. parasitica causing the chestnut blight disease”

p. 395 #6494245

“Mycosphaerella, causing leaf spots on many plants, such as the Sigatoka diseases of banana (M. musicola and M. fijiensis)”

p. 395 #6494246

“Mycosphaerella, causing leaf spots on many plants, such as the Sigatoka diseases of banana (M. musicola and M. fijiensis)”

p. 395 #6494247

“leaf spot of strawberry (M. fragariae)”

p. 395 #6494248

“Elsinoë, causing citrus scab (E. fawcetti)”

p. 395 #6494249

“grape anthracnose (E. ampelina)”

p. 395 #6494250

“raspberry anthracnose (E. veneta)”

p. 395 #6494251

“Lophodermium, causing pine needle cast”

p. 394 #6494252

“Rhabdocline, causing Douglas fir needle cast”

p. 394 #6494253

“Rhytisma, R. acerinum causing tar spot of maple leaves”

p. 394 #6494254

“Claviceps, C. purpurea causing ergot of grain crops, which is poisonous to humans and animals”

p. 394 #6494255

“Fusarium, causing vascular wilts, root rots, stem rots, seed infections”

p. 395 #6494256

“Fusarium, causing vascular wilts, root rots, stem rots, seed infections”

p. 395 #6494257

“Stemphylium, causing fruit rots on tomato”

p. 395 #6494258

“Pythium, causing damping-off of seedlings, seed decay, root rots, stem lesions, rotting of vegetable fruit and tubers”

p. 396 #6494259

“Aphanomyces, A. euteiches causing root rot of peas”

p. 396 #6494260

“Hypoxylon, H. mammatum causing a severe canker on poplars”

p. 395 #6494261

“Septoria, causing leaf spots on many crops”

p. 395 #6494262

“anthracnose fungus also attacks and causes characteristic symptoms on bean pods”

p. 488 #6494296

“probably the most destructive disease of these crops everywhere”

p. 488 #6494297

“most severe on watermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber”

p. 488 #6494298

“most severe on watermelon, cantaloupe, and cucumber”

p. 488 #6494299

“Canning tomatoes are particularly susceptible to anthracnose before and after harvest”

p. 489 #6494300

“eggplant and pepper may be attacked in a similar manner”

p. 489 #6494301

“eggplant and pepper may be attacked in a similar manner”

p. 489 #6494302

“Most colored varieties are mostly resistant except in the colorless region”

p. 489 #6494303

“anthracnose the most important disease of strawberries”

p. 489 #6494304

“C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae infect primarily the crown”

p. 489 #6494305

“C. gloeosporioides and C. fragariae infect primarily the crown”

p. 489 #6494306

“Anthracnose of corn and other cereals has become a major problem”

p. 490 #6494307

“all cereals, including corn, wheat, barley, rice, turf grasses”

p. 491 #6494308

“black circular spots up to a half inch in diameter appear on ripening fruit”

p. 493 #6494309

“infections by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are also latent”

p. 493 #6494310

“over 90% of the blossoms may be destroyed by Colletotrichum”

p. 494 #6494311

“20 to 80% of the coffee berries becoming rotten by the fungus”

p. 493 #6494312

“anthracnose appears as cankers on the stems and the bases of leaf petioles”

p. 493 #6494313

“Mango anthracnose is its most important disease”

p. 493 #6494314

“sunken, turn brown to black, and enlarge to 5 centimeters”

p. 493 #6494315

“yield depressions approaching 80% of the expected crop”

p. 493 #6494316

“may cause enormous losses by destroying an entire crop”

p. 494 #6494317

“most serious in areas with warm, humid weather during the ripening”

p. 496 #6494318

“bitter rot of grape, which is caused by another anthracnose fungus”

p. 496 #6494319

“most important disease of sycamore”

p. 498 #6494320

“dogwood tree mortality increased from 0 to 17% between 1988 and 1992”

p. 500 #6494321

“destroys some 5 to 10% of the grains in infected heads”

p. 501 #6494322

“losses of 10–80%, and sometimes total losses, have been observed”

p. 501 #6494323

“less often on wheat and certain wild and cultivated grasses”

p. 501 #6494324

“Losses from apple scab may be 70% or more of the total fruit value”

p. 504 #6494325

“Similar scab diseases affect pears (V. pyrina)”

p. 504 #6494326

“50 to 75% of the fruit may rot in the orchard”

p. 507 #6494327

“Predicted effect of temperature and wetness duration on disease incidence”

p. 509 #6494328

“affects peaches, cherries, plums, apricots, and almonds”

p. 507 #6494329

“affects peaches, cherries, plums, apricots, and almonds”

p. 507 #6494330

“affects peaches, cherries, plums, apricots, and almonds”

p. 507 #6494331

“destroys from less than 25% in some regions to 100% of the crop”

p. 510 #6494332

“gray mold of strawberry, grapes and of many vegetables”

p. 511 #6494333

“Gray mold or bunch rot of grapes”

p. 511 #6494334

“Gray mold and stem canker on tomato”

p. 512 #6494335

“Gray mold of lettuce”

p. 512 #6494336

“calyx end rot of apples”

p. 511 #6494337

“the crop may be destroyed completely”

p. 514 #6494338

“attacks the fruit of squash and pumpkin”

p. 516 #6494339

“attacks the fruit of squash and pumpkin”

p. 516 #6494340

“attacks the leaves and stems of watermelons, cucumber, cantaloupe”

p. 516 #6494341

“attacks the leaves and stems of watermelons, cucumber, cantaloupe”

p. 516 #6494342

“attacks the leaves and stems of watermelons, cucumber, cantaloupe”

p. 516 #6494343

“D. phaseolorum causing stem canker of soybeans”

p. 501 #6494344

“Diaporthe, D. citri, causing melanose of citrus fruits”

p. 501 #6494345

“European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) and the native elm bark beetle”

p. 530 #6494348

“the native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes)”

p. 530 #6494349

“sap (Nitidulid) beetles. The beetles are attracted to fungal spore mats”

p. 532 #6494350

“can cause losses of up to 50% of the crop”

p. 518 #6494351

“fungus infects and can kill young twigs”

p. 518 #6494352

“weakens vines, reduces yields and quality of grapes”

p. 518 #6494353

“tip blight of junipers”

p. 518 #6494354

“Phomopsis canker of peach”

p. 518 #6494355

“Phomopsis leaf blight of strawberries”

p. 518 #6494356

“Phomopsis stem rot of cantaloupe”

p. 518 #6494357

“Phomopsis blight of eggplant”

p. 518 #6494358

“black leg of cabbage is now better known as caused by Leptosphaeria maculans”

p. 519 #6494359

“Phoma rot of tomato caused by Phoma destructiva”

p. 519 #6494360

“canker of branches and limbs that may destroy the tree”

p. 519 #6494361

“one of the most prevalent and damaging diseases of tomato”

p. 523 #6494362

“watermelon stem infected with F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum”

p. 524 #6494363

“destroyed 40,000 hectares of Gros Michel bananas”

p. 526 #6494364

“cotton, F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum”

p. 523 #6494365

“carnation, F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthii”

p. 523 #6494366

“Verticillium is also the main cause of the potato early dying disease”

p. 526 #6494367

“Verticillium wilt of peach and strawberries”

p. 527 #6494368

“use of black mulch with ammonium nitrogen fertilization seems to reduce damage”

p. 528 #6494369

“Hundreds of thousands of elm trees in towns across the country die”

p. 528 #6494370

“red oaks are particularly susceptible”